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Starting at Home: Caring and Social Policy, by Nel Noddings
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Nel Noddings, one of the central figures in the contemporary discussion of ethics and moral education, argues that caring--a way of life learned at home--can be extended into a theory that guides social policy. Tackling issues such as capital punishment, drug treatment, homelessness, mental illness, and abortion, Noddings inverts traditional philosophical priorities to show how an ethic of care can have profound and compelling implications for social and political thought.
Instead of beginning with an ideal state and then describing a role for home and family, this book starts with an ideal home and asks how what is learned there may be extended to the larger social domain. Noddings examines the tension between freedom and equality that characterized liberal thought in the twentieth century and finds that--for all its strengths--liberalism is still inadequate as social policy. She suggests instead that an attitude of attentive love in the home induces a corresponding responsiveness that can serve as a foundation for social policy.
With her characteristic sensitivity to the individual and to the vulnerable in society, the author concludes that any corrective practice that does more harm than the behavior it is aimed at correcting should be abandoned. This suggests an end to the disastrous war on drugs. In addition, Noddings states that the caring professions that deal with the homeless should be guided by flexible policies that allow practitioners to respond adequately to the needs of very different clients. She recommends that the school curriculum should include serious preparation for home life as well as for professional and civic life.
Emphasizing the importance of improving life in everyday homes and the possible role social policy might play in this improvement, Starting at Home highlights the inextricable link between the development of care in individual lives and any discussion of moral life and social policy.
- Sales Rank: #7210509 in Books
- Published on: 2002-01-07
- Ingredients: Example Ingredients
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 1.12" h x 6.14" w x 9.28" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 366 pages
From Library Journal
In her latest work on domestic theory, Noddings (education, Stanford Univ.) reverses the philosophical tradition of discussing how the ideal home can produce the ideal state and describes instead how the best homes can improve the larger society. Since one's ability to care for or care about strongly depends on having been cared for, it makes sense to analyze the attitudes and behaviors found in the "best" homes (those that provide protection and promote growth) and explore how those attributes can be extended to the larger social domain. From a weighty philosophical discourse, Noddings shifts into a more tangible discussion of the elements of a healthy upbringing love, acceptance, and the shelter of home. In the final section of the book, she applies care theory to social policies concerning homelessness, deviance, and education. One of her recommendations is that the school curriculum includes serious home life as well as professional preparation. Noddings does an admirable job of weaving together the theories of Aristotle and John Dewey, the accounts of Jonathan Kozol, and narratives of everyday family conversations. Recommended for academic and larger public libraries. Deborah Bigelow, Leonia P.L., NJ
Copyright 2002 Reed Business Information, Inc.
Review
"Noddings shifts into a . . . tangible discussion of the elements of a healthy upbringing-love, acceptance, and the shelter of home." -- Library Journal
From the Inside Flap
"Starting at Home is a bold and ambitious book. It is also well-reasoned and compassionate. Noddings turns the conventional relati onship between public policy and household affairs on its head, showing how an elaborated theory of caring, rooted in family life, can serve to inform our thinking and guide our actions in a wide range of settings, both public and private. The result is a must-read for ethicists, policy makers, educators, and the public at large."—Philip W. Jackson, author of Life in Classrooms
"This book gives a rich yet unsentimental account of caring relations in idealized 'homes,' then uses the lessons of home to criticize and re-invent social policy. Whether responding to critics or addressing controversial political issues, Noddings writes with a directness and courtesy that makes fruitful disagreement possible. She is nonetheless committed to an 'ethics of care,' one clearly strengthened by her remarkable range of reading, analysis, and experience."—Sara Ruddick, author of Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace
"Recognizing care as a value with as much moral significance as justice and freedom, Noddings explores what a caring society would be like. Beginning with our understanding of how families best care for their members and thus can learn to care about others, she considers how caring could and should inform social policies. This is admirable and important work."—Virginia Held, author of Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Questionable Project with Questionable Conclusions
By Kevin Currie-Knight
Right off, I must express my general sympathy with the project of care ethics (Nel Noddings, Virginia Held, Michael Slote, and others). This sympathy makes it all the harder to give this book a poor grade, but I do so both because I think Noddings's 'angle' in this book is misguided, and that her recommendations (vague as they often are, which is fine) are often either overly utopian or incompatible with the kind of care she wants.
As those who follow debates about care ethics know, care ethicists have been divided on whether (and how) care ethics can be applied to societies at large. Natural care, of course, works in families and intimate relations - where we know each other and share concern for each other as individuals - but what about society at large, where I may only know of you (or you as a statistical category) and can only guess at your needs?
Noddings's idea with this book is to look at society in the way we look at families. Often, political theory proceeds by looking at how the ideal state works and treating the family as a state-in-miniature. Noddings plan reverses this: she looks at how an ideal family operates and applies those workings to society at large.
And this is where my major disagreement with Noddings lies: families and societies are so different that one simply cannot apply the same rules to each. In a family, we not only all know each other, but either share a genetic or a marital relationship; in society, I may know my neighbors, but there are more people that I don't know or personally care about than whom I do know and care about. In a family, it is likely that we share many projects or enterprises in common: your projects affect me and mine, you, so we work jointly on them; in a society, we all have diffferent projects, and while a select few may produce externalities that affect others, the vast majority of my projects don't effect you, and vice versa. Noddings wants to try and apply the workings of a a healthy family to society, and my response is that it can't be done; they are social arrangements that are just too different.
And this disanalogy, to my eyes, gets Noddings into trouble. She questions modern liberal society's view that humans are best seen as autonomous individuals, where we focus on humans rights rather than their needs. She argues that, in reality, we are all dependent on others and that rather than guaranteeing and respecting abstract rights, we should focus on making sure society can satisfy people's needs. I'm in some sympathy with this, but I think Noddings overstates her case, largely because she may underestimate the difference between a family and society. In a family, we are a tight-knight unit of people who all have roles (husband, wife, mother, youngest child, Grandma), and we are all dependent on others insofar as we negotiate what roles we are to play. In society, such a thought (to me and to any small "l" liberal, I think) is downright frightening. It is not that we are not all dependent on others (what liberal ever argued that we are atomic individual units with no connections to others?), but, at the end of the day, we are all allowed to choose - to the degree we can - what relations to enter, exit, create, maintain, and dissolve. To direct one's own affairs to the degree that one can seems to me an integral desire of humans (no one wants to be forced to be a subordinate or have a role dictated to them without their consent). Even in families, of course, a key goal of, say, raising a child is to get the child to the point where they can make decisions on their own and live, to some degree, by their own effort. While I don't think Noddings denies this, I think she overplays the "we are all interconnected' argument to the point where dependence is extolled over independence.
I also think the false analogy between family and society leads her astray in another area: her desire to argue, at least to some degree, against impersonal rules. In a family, when deciding where to allocate time, energy, money, etc, we can sit down together and negotiate on a case-by-case basis; we all know each other's needs, and we are a small enough group where we don't need impersonal rules (but only good dialogue) to keep things fair. Society, though, may need impersonal rules largely because we don't know each other and our individual needs, we don't share too many common enterprises, and we can't have case-by-case discussions to keep every decision fair. Such a basic thing as an intersection would grind to a halt if we decided who should proceed next based on discretion rather than impersonal rules. To be sure, Noddings is not against the idea of impersonal rules; she understands all of these reasons. She argues, though, that when things like welfare agencies, hospitals, schools, etc, are not allowed discretion in figuring out how to care for patients, students, etc, care becomes "care" (a rote following of rules to replace attention to the individual one is supposed to be helping).
True, of course, but there are two problems. First, it is quite utopian and against all evidence to expect a government service to run without ballooning into precisely this kind of rule-dependent bureaucracy. (On this score, one might read some of the literature of public choice economists who study the hows and whys of why government bureaucracy develops, often past the point of diminishing returns.) Second, while it may be good to allow care-giving services discretion in how they care for whom, there are also some very possible - one might say probable? - downsides: yes, a good care giver might honestly assess a person's need and adjust care accordingly, but a less than angelic one might assess their skin color, the care giver's own 'gut reaction' or personal prejudice, in making judgdments on how care is to be issued. Noddings 'solves' this potential for abuse by suggesting that maybe care-giving services could have local autonomy but have each care-giver's decisions reviewed by a panel of other care-givers. It is difficult, bordering on impossible, for me to surmise that this type of plan will not devolve quickly into exactly the rule-based bureaucracy that Nododings is arguing against.
Lastly, I want to comment briefly on her seemingly anti-market bias. Government, in Noddings view, seems to be the preferred care giver in instances where natural 'caring for' (of familial or close relationships) is not enough. But government is not only a third party payer institution and where the consumer is not paying the producer directly, not only does the care-giver's allegiance NOT necessarily lie with the well-being of the consumer, but the consumer has no 'skin in the game' (incentive to treat the producer with respect, or feeling that the relationship is reciprocal). Secondly, as said before, I question whether it is at all realistic to expect a government agency issuing care NOT to become a rule-based bureaucracy of the kind Noddings does not want to see (and, as she rightly notes, is wholly incompatible with the ethic of care).
So, there we have it. I really have liked many of Noddings works, and the attempt to apply ethics of care to sociatal problems is admirable and needed. I just think Noddings's project is somewhat misguided, and this misguided project leads her to some questionable solutions.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Viewing the world through the lens of caring
By John FM
The more I read of Nel Noddings, the deeper my appreciation goes. I am drawing from her Ethic of Care as a theoretical foundation for my dissertation study, and I am certain I made the best choice possible. In this way, I am honored to have become a student of caring theory.
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