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The Messiah before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls, by Isræl Knohl, Israel Knohl
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In a work that challenges notions that have dominated New Testament scholarship for more than a hundred years, Israel Knohl gives startling evidence for a messianic precursor to Jesus who is described as the "Suffering Servant" in recently published fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Messiah before Jesus clarifies many formerly incomprehensible aspects of Jesus' life and confirms the story in the New Testament about his messianic awareness. The book shows that, around the time of Jesus' birth, there came into being a conception of "catastrophic" messianism in which the suffering, humiliation, and death of the messiah were regarded as an integral part of the redemptive process.
Scholars have long argued that Jesus could not have foreseen his suffering, death, and resurrection because the concept of a slain savior who rises from the dead was alien to the Judaism of his time. But, on the basis of hymns found at Qumran among the Dead Sea Scrolls, Knohl argues that, one generation before Jesus, a messianic leader arose in the Qumran sect who was regarded by his followers as ushering in an era of redemption and forgiveness. This messianic leader was killed by Roman soldiers in the course of a revolt that broke out in Jerusalem in 4 B.C.E. The Romans forbade his body to be buried and after the third day his disciples believed that he was resurrected and rose to heaven. This formed the basis for Jesus' messianic consciousness, Knohl argues; it was because of this model that Jesus anticipated he would suffer, die, and be resurrected after three days.
Knohl takes his fascinating inquiry one step further by suggesting that this messiah was a figure known to us from historical sources of the period. This identification may shed new light on the mystery of the "Paraclete" in the Gospel of John. A pathbreaking study, The Messiah before Jesus will reshape our understanding of Christianity and its relationship to Judaism.
- Sales Rank: #812543 in Books
- Published on: 2000-10-12
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: .82" h x 5.99" w x 8.76" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 159 pages
From Booklist
Knohl's chief claim is "Jesus was the heir and successor of the Messiah of Qumran." The latter is described in two hymns in fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls, and Knohl argues that he was a certain Menachem, a friend and supporter of Herod who was removed from his position of leadership in the Jewish community when he made his messianic aspirations public after Herod's death. Knohl includes the hymns in an appendix, along with discussion of the influence of the Messiah of Qumran on Jesus' messianic consciousness and the influence of the Roman vision of redemption in Virgil's Fourth Eclogue on the Messiah of Qumran. Readers who share Knohl's questioning attitude about "the Jewish context of Jesus' messianic career" will find the brief, accessible book fascinating and informative, as will readers more generally interested in the visions of redemption that emerged out of the rich religious context of Rome in the centuries before Jesus. Steven Schroeder
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Review
"A small but mind-bending book. . .a stunning imaginative leap. . . . Courageous, responsible scholarly work such as Knohl's deserves attention--and admiration." -- Christian Science Monitor
"[C]ourageous, responsible scholarly work such as Knohl's deserves attention--and admiration." -- Christian Science Monitor
From the Inside Flap
"This is a very significant, original, and daring book. It illuminates an important era in the history of the Jewish people as well as the background of Christianity, making full use of the new Qumran material."—Professor Emanuel Tov, Editor-in-Chief, Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project
"The importance of this thesis for the understanding and interpretation of the historical Jesus is something of which all students of Christian Origins should take careful note. The book places a square challenge before those persuaded by a less apocalyptic/messianc view of the man and his times. I am convinced this book will become a pioneering classic in terms of the slot it fills in the field."—James D. Tabor, author of Why Waco?
"This is a work of very high quality. . . . Knohl convincingly points out the historical event of a Messiah who predated the more famous one, Jesus Christ. . . . This is one of the most fascinating findings regarding the history of Jewish Messianism and the understanding of the emergence of Christianity. . . I am confident that it will mark a new phase in research of ancient Judaism."—Moshe Idel, author of Messianic Mystics
"This tiny book will turn many heads. Israel Knohl sifts through a vast range of ancient texts in order to weave together a new chapter in the story of Jewish Messianism."—Gary A. Anderson, Professor of Hebrew Bible, Harvard University
"Israel Knohl established himself as a first-rate scholar with his first book, The Sanctuary of Silence, on a classic problem of Pentateuchal studies. Here he ventures into entirely different territory and displays impressive erudition not only in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Talmud but also in classical antiquity. His bold and provocative theories are sure to elicit a storm of controversy."—John J. Collins, author of Between Athens and Jerusalem: Jewish Identity in the Hellenistic Diaspora and Jewish Wisdom in Helleniatic Age
"Fascinating. . . .Knohl's book is an original piece of research that defies some of the most solid beliefs of our time".—Avraham Burg, Chairman of the Keneset (Israeli Parliament).
Most helpful customer reviews
11 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
Interesting, But Too Many Assumptions
By Dr. James Gardner
Israel Knohl has written another of the "messiah before Jesus" books, Michael Wise (The First Messiah) and Alvar Ellegard (Jesus 100 years Before Christ) being notable among the contributors to this theme. Knohl proposes "to show that Jesus really did regard himself as the Messiah and truly expected the Messiah to be rejected, killed, and resurrected after three days, for this is precisely what was believed to have happened to a messianic leader who lived one generation before Jesus (p. 2)." Why exactly Jesus felt he was an "also ran" messiah Knohl neglects to say, which is all the more questionable when one searches the gospels in vain for any indication that Jesus ever claimed to be the Messiah, much less a duplicate of a previous Messiah.
In any event, Knohl's Messiah is a James Bond secret agent who is among Herod's closest advisers and maintains his night job as the head of the Qumran community (his name, by the way, was Menahem). All of this he gets from an analysis of the "Thanksgiving Scroll", and particularly a passage he describes as the "Self Glorification Hymn". His analysis further reveals a connection to the suffering servant of Isaiah, although since Bultmann and Vermes almost every thorough analysis of Isaiah reveals no real parallels to Jesus' life. Moreover, Michael Wise researches the same passages and comes up with a completely different theory.
The book has an index and notes, but no reference list. Knohl's thesis itself occupies a mere 71 pages. Perhaps he should have done more. This book is certainly interesting, and Knohl's speculations are not impossible. But anyone interested in the messiah before Jesus will probably find more fertile ground in Wise or Ellegard.
21 of 24 people found the following review helpful.
An odd bit of intrigue
By Joel Brown
The Messiah Before Jesus is a new anomaly in Dead Sea Scrolls and New Testament studies. Israel Knohl is one of the many authors to propose an uncommon unheard of idea. The book is primarily about certain Qumran documents, the Thanksgiving Hymns, namely, the 'Self-Glorification Hymn.' His work is somewhat speculative, and rests on a number of historical assumptions. I'm not saying that this automatically makes it incredible, since most of history IS reconstruction. But for example, this Scroll theory heavily lies on the Sectarian Hypothesis regarding the Essenes inhabiting Khirbet Qumran. What I found interesting is his new historical insight on the book of Revelation (St. John's Apocalypse) and its historical basis in Roman history and connection to Qumran. Knohl's thesis is another which robs Jesus Christ of his orthodox "uniqueness." It views him as the successor to Menahem (the Essene's messiah) in a chain of messiahs that would continue even after Christ. So essentially, he disagrees with the historians and at the same time the Christians. He does this by asserting that Jesus DID in fact regard himself as the Son of God and the Suffering Messiah. (which Christians also would do, but for theological agreement with Him) Historians regard things like the divine conception and self predictions of suffering and death as post-historical Christ interpolations of the earliest Christians. They assent this because they have come to believe that such concepts were alien to the first century Judaism that expected a military Messiah-conqueror. But this book sets out to establish a precursor to Jesus identified as Isaiah 53's 'Suffering Servant.' I must admit I have a feeling that I need to recommend this book to all of you because it contains some profoundly interesting historical data that you might not find anywhere else. Such as the Paraclete of John's Gospel. Find out for yourself!! Israel Knohl gave me satisfaction. The work is condensed to about 100 pages with a plethora of footnotes that take up a good portion of the book's thickness, but none the less could quite possibly provide key information as to understanding Christ's messianic position!
9 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
The Suffering Servant
By S. E. Moore
This book brings to light a little known hymn from the Dead Sea Scrolls which sheds alot of light on Jesus and his followers.
It also stresses the importance of the "Suffering Servant" theme in first century Jewish Messianic beliefs.
The "Self Glorification Hymn", probably written by the Qumran
Teacher, himself reveals the belief in a mortal, after rejection and martyrdom, achieving a divine or semi-divine status and being exalted to Heaven. This and the books of Enoch blow apart all the modern liberal theories which try to refute the New Testament.
The author makes a good argument that Menahem the Essene was the Teacher of Righteousness, although there are other excellent but conflicting arguments (see my review of Michael Wise's "The Saviour Before Christ").
Whether you agree with the author or not, his argument that the "Paraclete" in John's Gospel refers to Jesus as another Menahem is very credible and fascinating. The word Paraclete or comforter can be derived from the name "Menahem" and is also connected with the Messiah in rabbinic literature. Knohl's credential as a Hebrew scholar speaks for itself and I have no reason to doubt these claims. Knohl also claims that a passage concerning two messianic leaders in Revelation 11 refers to Menahem.
The book claims that Jesus became acquainted with Menahem's legacy through John the Baptist who was more than likely a member of the Qumran community at one time. Jesus may have started out as a Galilean Hasid who continued John the Baptist's apocalyptic message, but somewhere along the line, perhaps after John's death, he took upon himself the role of the Suffering Servant Messiah to continue and complete what Menahem had started. The fact that Menahem was rejected by the Pharisees may explain Jesus' condemnation of the same.
Whether you agree with the author or not, his exposition of the "Self Glorification Hymn" sheds a new light on Jesus' own self understanding and what was recorded about him in the New Testament.
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