Rabu, 17 September 2014

# Free Ebook The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia (Studies in Melanesian Anthropology), by Marilyn Strath

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The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia (Studies in Melanesian Anthropology), by Marilyn Strath

In the most original and ambitious synthesis yet undertaken in Melanesian scholarship, Marilyn Strathern argues that gender relations have been a particular casualty of unexamined assumptions held by Western anthropologists and feminist scholars alike. The book treats with equal seriousness—and with equal good humor—the insights of Western social science, feminist politics, and ethnographic reporting, in order to rethink the representation of Melanesian social and cultural life. This makes The Gender of the Gift one of the most sustained critiques of cross-cultural comparison that anthropology has seen, and one of its most spirited vindications.

  • Sales Rank: #449751 in Books
  • Published on: 1990-11-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.02" h x .98" w x 5.98" l, 1.30 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 437 pages

Review
"Marilyn Strathern's new book is a work of exceptional originality, which will exercise a marked influence over future developments in anthropological theory."--"Times Literary Supplement

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Selasa, 16 September 2014

!! Ebook A Coyote Reader, by William Bright

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A Coyote Reader, by William Bright

Wily, raunchy and heroic; a trickster, lecher and supreme survivor. Such is the magical coyote, the mythical Native American figure whose various roles are recounted here in a selection of poetry and stories. Anthropological linguist William Bright brings together diverse portraits of the coyote from American Indian texts and modern American writing. Because Native American myths have been recited and transmitted orally, Bright addresses the special problem of converting them into written stories. The collection also contains poetic translations and original works by early American authors.

  • Sales Rank: #4818672 in Books
  • Published on: 1992-12
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.50" h x 6.50" w x .75" l,
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 226 pages

Amazon.com Review
Coyote, the great North American trickster figure, is the star of linguist William Bright's fine collection of traditional Native American stories and modern poems and meditations. Bright has been studying Coyote's role in California Indian societies for four decades. Their stories tell of Coyote as a perennial loser and a figure who plays by no rules: he impregnates his own daughter, steals from his friends, and causes the world endless trouble. Bright links the biological to the cultural Coyote, and he introduces some fascinating ecological arcana, such as the fact that "Old Man Coyote"--as he's often called in traditional stories--hasn't changed much over the last 4 million years. Evolving alongside the saber-toothed tiger and the giant cave bear, Coyote somehow resisted specialization; Canis latrans eats almost anything and lives almost anywhere from southern Mexico to the Canadian sub-Arctic. No generation understands Coyote fully, the anthropologist Paul Radin once remarked, but no generation can live without him. Bright's affection for Coyote has yielded a necessary book about a necessary creature.

From Publishers Weekly
Anthropological linguist Bright, editor of The International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, attempts in this ambitious new volume to explore the meaning and importance of the trickster figure Old Man Coyote for western Native Americans; he also inquires into the origins of the Coyote's character as a blend of human and coyote. Bright assembles an interesting collection of traditional Coyote tales as well as a good cross-section of original stories and poems by prominent contemporary Native writers such as Simon Ortiz, Wendy Rose and Peter Blue Cloud. Coyote is revealed in all his complexity as prodigious traveler, brigand, sexual predator and demiurge shaper of the world. Unfortunately, in the end, Bright fails to answer the central questions of his inquiry and makes some dubious choices in his selections as well. He muddies the picture by including several tales from non-Native authors in order to consider Coyote's continuing power in the dominant culture. Equally questionable is his decision to "adapt" the stories recorded by Native storytellers into poetry in keeping with his belief in "ethnopoetic" translation methods.
Copyright 1993 Reed Business Information, Inc.

From Library Journal
Anthropological linguist Bright has compiled an excellent introduction to the complex Native American Coyote figure, simultaneously representative of Homo sapiens , Canis latrans , and the mythical First People. Bright traces the appearance of Coyote throughout North American history as a two-legged, four-legged, and shape-shifting creature. Works by contemporary poets such as Gary Snyder, Wendy Rose, and Peter Blue Cloud are presented alongside Bright's own fresh translations of traditional Coyote tales, and the book as a whole is held together by thoughtful analysis and criticism. If you can have only one Coyote book, get this one. If you're well acquainted with the Old Man, as the Coyote is commonly called, and you have shelves of books on him, get this one anyway for its comprehensiveness and conciseness. It will stand with Paul Radin's The Trickster (Shocken, 1972. rev. ed.) as a seminal work in the field, and it's also just plain fun to read.
- Debbie Bogenschutz, Cincinnati Technical Coll.
Copyright 1993 Reed Business Information, Inc.

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4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Coyote, Straight - No Chaser
By Curtis L. Wilbur
As Bright samples the spectrum of Coyote tales (tails?), in his "no punches pulled" fashion, one becomes aware of a continuity of spirit, pervasive in the telling, from the ancient native legends to the modern Zen adaptions. Perhaps with knowledge aforethought, Bright has surfaced a grey feature of humankind, dogging us through the ages: As we try to be "good", Coyote assures us that there is no such thing. Watered down versions of these stories would entirely miss this connection, and it is to Bright's credit that we receive our Coyote "Straight - No Chaser".
Other more familiar aspects of the Coyote folklore, such as the "everything-you-do-will- come-back-to-you" moral, are intelligently presented here in a very readable fashion. Bright attempts to present the stories in as much of an original form as he can. He rightly believes that form here is as important as content. The resulting mix of commentary, prose, and poetry is hard to put down!
I gave Bright 4 stars, because there's room for improvement, and I can only hope that an updated version of this book may someday appear. I felt that the Zen portion was handled too lightly, but it may simply be that the Coyote legend progresses a little too fast to be captured properly at any given time. Let this book begin your journey into discovering the true Coyote, which lies within you.

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Fabulous anthology
By A Customer
This is one of the first anthologies I've come across which covers all the aspects of Coyote's character, from his role as creator to his raunchy, trickster persona. Too many people tend to water the Coyote tales down, which is unfortunate, as it reduces a very powerful figure to a Brer Rabbit comic character. Although most people know Coyote as a trickster, this anthology illustrates how complicated the morality of a god/first person can be, both creating and breaking rules, saving the people and bringing destruction on them. Just remember, these are wintertime stories- don't read this book in the summer!

5 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Not the worst thing I've wasted my time reading, but...
By Coyote Osborne
Sorry... this collection struck me as a prime example of artsy-froo-froo, white people pretending they know about "indian stuff". While I appreciate that Coyote has been an inspiration to to the folks who put this together, saying I liked it would sort of be like me telling my cat he's a "good boy" when he drops a dead roach in my lap as a "present".

I'd have loved to be able to say something nice about this. I guess it would be a worthwhile thing to have on your shelf, to compare to legitimate books, or to illustrate that there are many interpretations of Coyote's nature. I wouldn't pay top dollar for it.

And this interpretation is as legitimate as any, I suppose- I just didn't like it. The book seemed "full of itself." Considering the subject matter, I suppose there's some irony there.

I don't know why people would ever think Coyote tricks them. They usually trick themselves.

-- Coyote

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Senin, 15 September 2014

>> Download PDF Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, by Isræl Jacob Yuval

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Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, by Isræl Jacob Yuval

Since it was first published in Hebrew in 2000, this provocative book has been garnering acclaim and stirring controversy for its bold reinterpretation of the relationship between Judaism and Christianity in the Middle Ages, especially in medieval Europe. Looking at a remarkably wide array of source material, Israel Jacob Yuval argues that the inter-religious polemic between Judaism and Christianity served as a substantial component in the mutual formation of each of the two religions. He investigates ancient Jewish Passover rituals; Jewish martyrs in the Rhineland who in 1096 killed their own children; Christian perceptions of those ritual killings; and events of the year 1240, when Jews in northern France and Germany expected the Messiah to arrive. Looking below the surface of these key moments, Yuval finds that, among other things, the impact of Christianity on Talmudic and medieval Judaism was much stronger than previously assumed and that a "rejection of Christianity" became a focal point of early Jewish identity. Two Nations in Your Womb will reshape our understanding of Jewish and Christian life in late antiquity and over the centuries.

  • Sales Rank: #700771 in Books
  • Published on: 2008-08-19
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.02" h x .76" w x 5.98" l, 1.10 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 338 pages

About the Author
Israel Jacob Yuval is a professor for Jewish History and the Academic Head of "Scholion-Interdisciplinary Research Center in Jewish Studies" at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is author of Scholars in Their Time: The Religious Leadership of German Jewry in the Late Middle Ages (1988).

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9 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
The Reciprocal Enmity of Judaism and Christianity From the Beginning. Exterminatory Wishes Clarified
By Jan Peczkis
Israeli Jewish author Israel Jacob Yuval originally wrote this book in Hebrew. This work is the English translation.

To begin with, Yuval does not see Christianity as a daughter religion of Judaism. Instead, he sees BOTH Christianity and Talmudic Judaism as daughter religions of Biblical Judaism--the latter of which ended with the destruction of the Temple in 70 C. E. (p. 27). Thus, Christianity and Mishnaic Judaism were sister religions that formed against a common backdrop of subjugation and destruction. (p. 69).

When there are parallels or similarities between early Christian and early Jewish (Midrashic) accounts, the Christian accounts are customarily assumed to be derived from the Jewish ones, even if the latter are centuries younger than the former. Yuval rejects such thinking, and allows for Jewish accounts to have been copied from Christian ones. (p. 69).

EARLY JUDAIC CONCERNS WITH CHRISTIANITY

Nowadays, we commonly hear that Judaism had no inherent hostility to Christianity, and reacted belatedly against it only in response to persecution by Christians. The truth is rather different. We learn from Yuval that, notwithstanding the rarity of obvious Jewish polemical literature against Christianity in the first eight centuries of their coexistence (p. 26), the Jewish polemics was more subtle. (p. 27). In addition, the hostility between the two religions began long before Christians had acquired the political power to be in a position to persecute Jews. In fact, in pagan Rome, Christians were persecuted while Jews had the legal status of RELIGIO LICITA. (p. 208).

Yuval summarizes the situation as follows, (quote) The basic premise of this book is that the polemics between Judaism and Christianity during the first centuries of the Common Era, in all their varieties and nuances, played a substantial role in the mutual formation of the two religions. Here I am referring not only to an explicit and declared polemic, but to a broad panorama of expressions that include, particularly from the Jewish side, allusions, ambiguities, denials, refutations, and at times also internalization and quiet agreement. (unquote). (p. xvii).

For example, the Midrashic literature opposes Christian teachings not by direct rebuttal, but by presenting alternative stories that negate the Christian versions. (p.51). The early hostility of Judaism to the new Christian religion can be generalized. Yuval, referring to the Tannaim (Rabbinic sages of the Mishnaic Period: 10-210 C. E.), comments, (quote) Confrontation with Christianity in general, and with Jewish Christianity in particular, was at the heart of tannaitic concerns, as may be seen in the sources and scholarly literature. I shall mention here only the most prominent studies... (unquote). (p. 61).

Christians understood the Roman destruction of the Temple as an act of divine vengeance for the Crucifixion of Christ. Jews saw the guilt of pagan Rome in the destruction of the Temple, which they juxtaposed Rome with Edom. (p. 32). Later, Christian Rome became Edom--the continuation of pagan Rome. (p. 274).

THE TALMUD

Yuval confirms the sometimes-denied fact that the Talmud refers derisively to Jesus Christ. He comments, (quote) Indeed, in several places the identification of Balaam with Jesus is clearly called for (e. g, in B. SANHEDRIN 106b), while other sources clearly speak of two distinct figures (as in B. GITTIN 57a--in the uncensored version the reading there is "Jesus" rather than "the sinners of Israel", as in the Vilna edition.)(unquote).(p. 293). The author also confirms that the sentence of boiling in feces (B. GITTIN 57a) does in fact apply to Jesus Christ, and that Jews interpreted it as such, going far back into history. (pp. 196-197).

MUTUAL NEGATION

Some commentators have gone as far as suggesting that Christianity is inherently intolerant of Jews and Judaism (perhaps even in a proto-Nazi exterminatory sense), because the very existence of Judaism is a negation of the raison d'etre of Christianity. However, Yuval notes that this goes both ways, (quote) To be a "Jew" meant, in the most profound sense, to adopt a religious identity that competed with Christianity, and vice versa. Or, to adopt the formulation of the late Jacob Katz, the veracity of one religion depended on the negation of the other. (unquote). (p. 25).

MEDIEVAL PERSECUTIONS AND BROAD-BASED JEWISH POLEMICS

The author describes in considerable detail the imprecations against gentiles, directed to God and spoken by Jews, in the face of persecution by Christians, notably during and after the First Crusade. They called upon God to kill indiscriminately and ruthlessly. (p. 120).

Yuval points out that these Jewish attitudes went far beyond the pain and anger of persecution, and became more or less a mainstay of Jewish thinking. He comments, (quote) Two arguments may be adduced to refute the explanation of Goldschmidt and Freimann, who tended to see these curses as a direct response to the distress and suffering of Ashkenazic Jewry. The first is that this is a standard ritual transplanted into the landscape of Ashkenazic prayer. Even if the texts were created against the backdrop of great disaster, there is a far-reaching significance to their repetition year after year, even in times of calm and tranquility...We are dealing here with a comprehensive religious ideology that sees vengeance as a central component of its messianic doctrine. (unquote). (pp. 122-123).

In addition, the hostility of Jews against Christianity was not limited to matters surrounding Christian conduct against Jews. It was directed against the Christian religion EN TOTO. For instance, Rabbi Yitzhak of Corbeil denounced Christians as idolaters. (p. 204). Of the many anti-Christian stories told by Jews, there was one in which the account of King Solomon and the two whores (I Kings 3:16) was changed so that Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of Jesus, were the two whores. (p. 194).

The author does not mention Martin Luther's infamous work, THE JEWS AND THEIR LIES. However, the information presented by Yuval makes it easy to see why Luther condemned the defamation and blasphemies directed by Jews against Jesus and Mary.

WHENCE THE MEDIEVAL ACCUSATIONS OF RITUAL MURDER

Yuval first describes the essential difference between Jewish and Christian concepts of martyrdom. Unlike the Christian concept, the Jewish one allows for suicide and even the killing of one's own children. This is done not only to prevent them from converting to another religion, but also to increase the amount of martyr's blood that was shed, thereby hastening God's retribution against the Jews' enemies. (p. 139).

The large scale of Jews killing their own children, during the martyrdom engendered during the First Crusade in 1096, made a deep impression upon both Jews and Christians. (p. 162). For Jews, this event tied into messianic visions of vengeance.

Although accusations of ritual murder go back to antiquity, they greatly increased against Jews after 1096, especially in Germany and England. Yuval senses the connection to the Jewish martyrdom during the First Crusade. For Christians, the willingness of Jews to kill their own children, in an act of sacrifice and sanctification, became readily mutated into a belief that they would kill Christian children as part of their messianic-oriented ritual sanctification. (p. 164).

Accusations of Jews throwing the Host (the Body of Christ), and Christian babies, into boiling water probably originated from a misunderstanding of the Passover Jewish custom of "kashering" (scalding) of vessels. The Christians juxtaposed this purification custom with Jewish messianic concepts of vengeance against Christians. (pp. 182-185).

WHENCE THE MEDIEVAL BLOOD LIBELS

With reference to Passover, Yuval describes the Ashkenazic custom of mixing wine into the HAROSET in order to recount the Talmudic teaching of the mortar mixed in with the blood of Jewish babies in Egypt. He adds that, (quote) The Jews were accused of the ritual murder of Christian children as part of the Passover ceremonies, and of preparing matzah with the blood of Christian children. This accusation, which seems to us both terrifying and bizarre, here acquires a coherent context. The Jews--like the Christians--attributed a mythic meaning, in their religious rites, to red wine and to the human blood that it symbolizes. When the Christians accused Jews of using blood to bake matzot, they were perhaps thinking of the HAROSET, in which wine (i. e. blood) is of great importance and which, along with the nuts (i. e., bricks) symbolizes the mortar. Such a thought must not have been alien to the Christian imagination, in which wine also symbolizes (or is tantamount to) the blood of the Savior, while the bread is his body. (unquote). (p. 254).

PROTO-NAZI WISHES

Yuval points out that, whereas Christianity never sought the systematic extermination of Jews as collective punishment for the Crucifixion of Christ, European Judaism did seek the systematic extermination of Christians (by the hand of God) as collective punishment for the pogroms during the Crusades. Yuval, having just finished an extensive discussion of such things as the accusations of ritual murder, and the blood libels, assesses all this as follows, (quote) Jewish messianism plays an important role in understanding the mechanisms that triggered Christian fantasies about the Jews. There is a tragic asymmetry between the messianic expectations of Christians and of Jews. The Christians awaited the conversion to Christianity of the Jews, while the Jews anticipated the destruction of Christianity...Thus, the Jewish messianic fantasy played a major role in shaping Christian anti-Semitic fantasies. (unquote). (p. 289).

3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Vengeance and Redemption: Perceptions in Action
By Howard Bass
Prof. Israel Yuval's book is an eye-opener for anyone interested in the historical relationship between Judaism and Christianity, and between Jews and Christians. So much of what Prof. Yuval brings to light through his fascinating research as an historian shows how powerful perceptions are in our attitudes and actions towards 'the other". Prof. Yuval writes history "without anger and without prejudice", leaving his personal bias aside as much as is possible, as he seeks to be honest in an atmosphere of trust. A significant assumption that he writes from, based on a conclusion drawn previously, is that historic, traditional, rabbinic Judaism is largely a reaction to the claims that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, rather than Christianity coming out from Judaism. The camps of both brothers (or sisters) claim the same Biblical 'father and/or mother'. They are, in fact, rivals and competitors.

The paradigm relationship between the twin brothers, Jacob and Esau, sets the basis for not only grasping the historic, ethical, religious, political, and eschatological conflict going on right now in Israel and the entire Middle East -- between the descendants of Jacob and of Ishmael/Esau -- but also the volatile history and entrenched perceptions of Christians and Jews. Each side sees themselves as the rightful heirs, and sees the other as rejected. Each seeks to vindicate themselves to be the chosen ones to inherit redemption, while seeking vengeance on the other to prove their point. Fascinating!

Two Nations in Your Womb has been kept under wraps, and the time has come for it to receive wider exposure and to learn from its lessons. It is not a light read, but it is most definitely worthy of much more attention.

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Minggu, 14 September 2014

* Download PDF Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis, by Anthony Max Tung

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Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis, by Anthony Max Tung

Both epic and intimate, this is the story of the fight to save the world’s architectural and cultural heritage as it is embodied in the extraordinary buildings and urban spaces of the great cities of Asia, the Americas, and Europe.

Never before have the complexities and dramas of urban preservation been as keenly documented as in Preserving the World’s Great Cities. In researching this important work, Anthony Tung traveled throughout the world to visit remarkable buildings and districts in China, Italy, Greece, the U.S., Japan, and elsewhere. Everywhere he found both the devastating legacy of war, economics, and indifference and the accomplishments of people who have worked and sometimes risked their lives to preserve and renew the most meaningful urban expressions of the human spirit.

From Singapore’s blind rush to become the most modern city of the East to Warsaw’s poignant and heroic effort to resurrect itself from the Nazis’ systematic campaign of physical and cultural obliteration, from New York and Rome to Kyoto and Cairo, we see the city as an expression of the best and worst within us. This is essential reading for fans of Jane Jacobs and Witold Rybczynski and everyone who is concerned about urban preservation.

  • Sales Rank: #106889 in Books
  • Published on: 2001-10-09
  • Released on: 2001-10-09
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.57" h x 1.50" w x 6.43" l,
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 480 pages

From Publishers Weekly
HThe idea of preserving the material past is not a new one the Emperor Majorian (the Jane Jacobs of 458 C.E. Rome) issued an edict to protect old buildings but in modern times, it has often been in sharp conflict with the contemporary forces of commerce, war and redevelopment. Tung, a former New York City Landmarks Preservation Commissioner, has written an innovative historical and theoretical study of architectural and cultural preservation efforts in 20 cities across the world. Rather then relying on one cultural model, Tung makes his argument by illuminating specific cases in context how Amsterdam's "medieval communal water boards" set the groundwork for modern preservation; how religious warfare devastated and continues to hinder the conservation of Jerusalem; and in China and Japan, how preservation efforts focus on retaining "the original aesthetic" rather than the original building. But the common theme is the importance of cultural conservation. Tung visited each of the 20 sites himself and relies on exhaustive archival research. He presents difficult problems fairly such as whether the Elgin Marbles should be returned to Greece despite Athenian pollution, the battle over air rights in Manhattan, and whether the reconstruction of Warsaw has destroyed the history of its destruction during the war always attempting to find a solution that relies on common sense, historical integrity and balancing practical needs with preserving heritage. This is an important contribution not only to the literature of urban studies and city planning, but to architectural history and sociology. 75 b&w photos and 50 maps not seen by PW.

Copyright 2001 Cahners Business Information, Inc.

From Library Journal
Having learned that the most useful information on architectural preservation often comes from other places, former New York City Landmarks Preservation Commissioner Tung decided to visit some of the world's most significant buildings in China, Italy, Greece, Japan, and elsewhere. Here he aims to compile what he learned into one volume, recording his on-site investigations into the architectural preservation issues facing 18 major cities of the world. The first section describes the destruction of historic urban environments worldwide and the conservation statutes that have been created in response. The second two contain a series of urban conservation profiles. While the book is not meant to be an academic treatise, its format and depth of discussion will discourage most popular readers. The maps are useful if minimal given the book's length; 75 black-and-white photographs, though not included in the proof copy, should help clarify the discussions. Recommended for urban public libraries and all architecture and urban planning collections. Jay Schafer, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst
Copyright 2001 Reed Business Information, Inc.

From Booklist
No doubt the world is getting more urban, for better and worse. What has drawn so many to occupy so little space? What have great cities done to preserve their culture, heritage, ideology, and beauty? Have those cities reconciled increased growth and greater standards of habitability? Tung researched 22 modern metropolises, investigating how architectural preservation has worked or failed in some of the most significant cities in the world. He visited modern incarnations of ancient cities, such as Athens, Rome, Jerusalem, Kyoto, and Beijing; and he explored relatively young, planned cities, such as Singapore. He explored war-ravaged, historic centers such as Warsaw, Berlin, and Vienna. In all these cities, he finds, a culture of conservation is hotly debated, and proponents of tourism butt heads with historical preservationists. Utilitarian megacities, such as Cairo, confront failing infrastructures. Through his studies, Tung discerns that, on every continent, cities have adopted a culture of destruction that seems to divide further our modernity from our many pasts. Michael Spinella
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved

Most helpful customer reviews

10 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
More than just buildings..
By leora dowling
I picked up this book because I love Venice--no intention of buying it, just browsing, but the introduction inspired me to know and read more. What a treat this book has been! It is not at all pedantic, and encompasses far more than discussions of buildings; it is about history, lifestyles, politics, beauty, and cruelty. The book calls attention to the dire poverty so many people endure, and the deep danger that so many of the world's greatest, most historic and exotic cities face because of lack of money, corrupt politicians, gigantic bureaucracies, uncontrolled population growth, shortsightedness, and the weather. Yet the book is uplifting, too. The most amazing chapter deals with the total destruction of Warsaw during WWII, and the strength and ingenuity the Polish people used to rebuild it. I was surprised and delighted by the depth of Mr. Tung's historical knowledge, his fairness, his compassion, and his prose. A wonderful book in every way.

6 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
A Seminal Work
By Leo Kaplan
This is a remarkably profound and informative work. The author, Anthony Tung, has somehow successfully and exquisitly managed to comprehend the city as a living organism - uniting the social, psychological, and cultural features of the population of the city with its physical, material, and institutional environment. The physical aspect of the city is the externalization of the ethos of its people. In turn it also daily reinforces and recreates that ethos. The city is also one of the major "secondary ties", i.e. substitutes for our "primary tie", our family, that we necessarily create as we move from infancy into the chaos of the external world. As such it is one of our most important communities, and helps to provide us with a sense of identity, meaning, and stability in the face of the meaninglessness and anxiety provoking nature of the world. As the family does, it succors us and protects us. In return we give it our loyalty. As long as this relationship between the city and its people is harmonious, the quality of life ranges from the tolerable to the the exhilirating. But when that organic unity is seriously ruptured, the consequences are devastating. Thus the "preservation" of the city is too serious a matter to be left to chance.
In his scholarly review of the history of the great world cities he takes up here Tung has, together with the orientation noted above, also found exceptionally fruitful Freud's great model, from his Civilization and Its Discontents, that views history, made by human beings, as the dynamic resultant of eros and thanatos, life and death forces, of destructive and preservative impulses. Thus, all in all, he has given us a unique work, indeed a seminal work on the subject, and one which will, and should, set the tone for future scholarship and practice.
Leo Kaplan
(...)

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Truly excellent book on the great cities of the world
By Tim F. Martin
In March of 1995 author Anthony M. Tung journeyed to 22 of the world's greatest cities in order to study how architectural preservation had failed and succeeded in some of the most artistically and historically significant urban areas around the globe. Having served for many years as a member of New York City's Landmarks Preservation Commission, Tung sought to understand how the complex issue of urban conservation was handled around the world and to gather in one book a body of very basic information about this practice.

Until the 20th century, each new stage of architecture and construction referred substantially to previous stages; in Western culture, there was a "direct aesthetic line" connecting the architecture of classical Greece, imperial Rome, the Romanesque period, the Renaissance, the Baroque, the Rocco, and all forms of classical revival that followed, with even divergent traditions like French Gothic or English Tudor making use of common architectonic elements. Cities tended to be harmonious, each new generation of buildings blending with older buildings to a great degree.

In the 20th century however, many age-old aesthetic traditions were abruptly discarded by a modern, new, jarring architecture, built often at vastly different scales than older buildings, of completely different materials, built with new methods, buildings that were consciously designed to have a complete lack of relationship with the previous continuum of form. In Cairo for instance skylines once dominated by domes and minarets of mosques are now ruled by looming massive hotels. Massive gray residential slabs now dominate the remaining parts of historic Moscow. In some cases, as in New York, new buildings were built over and around preserved historic buildings, making them appear toy-like and ridiculous. Further, these buildings of alien scale and design often hopelessly fractured any urban architectural harmony, often forever, as what was destroyed can either never be replaced or only replaced at great financial, legal, political, and economic cost.

Older cities of handcrafted buildings, made of natural materials from the immediate environment of the city, reflecting the historical values and physical characteristics of unique urban cultures Tung wrote now constitute a "finite resource from a closed period of human cultural evolution." Much of the unique architecture of the world's great cities - ancient Roman ruins, the cross-cultural traditions of Singaporean pernanakan architecture, buildings that show a great "specialness of place" - is still in danger in many places of being replaced by a global monoculture, of older unique buildings being replaced by comparatively poorly constructed structures that are generic in design and that differ little in response to local environmental and social surroundings.

Why were older buildings replaced? War certainly plays a factor as might be expected, though by and large Tung feels that city residents themselves are responsible for building replacement. Sometimes older handcrafted buildings are replaced for what were laudable reasons, such as slum clearance, attempts to give the poor a better quality of life, though often irreplaceable but fixable buildings were demolished rather than rehabilitated. Some cities, such as Vienna, Charleston, and Amsterdam (which are detailed at length), bucked this trend, either saving old buildings or constructing new public housing with a conscious effort to maintain local architectural traditions. More often than not though making money was the goal; speculative real estate and construction in the name of progress fractured urban landscapes, as out of scale skyscrapers thrust into the London skyline and ugly hotels of poor artistry were erected in Cairo.

Sometimes destruction or replacement of older handcrafted buildings seemed nearly unavoidable; Kyoto for instance, largely spared bombing in World War II, for centuries a city with buildings comprised of shoji (sliding walls of light wood frames covered by translucent paper) and tatami (rectilinear straw mats of standardized dimensions that covered the floors), were rapidly being replaced post-war by modern Western buildings that could more easily accommodate such innovations as modern plumbing and electricity. Tung related how this "culture of destruction" is being reversed, efforts in this regard aided by uniquely Asian views of preservation (often times ancient buildings are wood and are partially or wholly rebuilt periodically, the emphasis often in China and Japan on preserving the original form not as in Europe or America the original material) and permanence (Japanese buildings were traditionally built to withstand natural disasters and wars by being flexible and if destroyed by being easily rebuilt).

Sometimes architectural preservation - or destruction - was dictated not by war or by progress but by ideology. The Third Reich demolished the landmarks of Warsaw as a punitive action against the Poles, Nazi architects purposely identifying key Warsaw buildings and purposefully destroying them (additionally many were destroyed in actual combat). As an act of defiance, Polish architects risked their lives (and quite a few perished for their efforts) to document this heritage before it was destroyed, hiding plans and documents during the Nazi occupation and then completely rebuilding the city as an act of remembrance.

Tung recounted many successes in his book as well as failures. What are the common denominators in successful preservation? Clearly economic underdevelopment causes decay and destruction of historic assets. In a detailed chapter on Cairo, Tung discussed how the city's massive problems posed by skyrocketing population growth, extensive poverty, and an endemic culture of illegal settlement and corrupt, byzantine bureaucracy have caused residents to perceive conservation as a lesser priority and have created unique environmental challenges to the city's priceless Muslim architecture thanks to air pollution and a rising water table. Citizens of cities have to have in addition to the means of preserving the city a will to do so; while many of the historic districts of New York were listed and are protected thanks to the efforts of the residents of those areas, Venice, despite widespread international support, is decaying as fewer and fewer Venetians actually live in the historic city, not only affecting city politics and budgets as residents of the historic city lose clout to those outside the historic city but by simply not being present to provide such upkeep.

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Sabtu, 13 September 2014

! Get Free Ebook Nurturing the Nation: The Family Politics of Modernizing, Colonizing, and Liberating Egypt, 1805-1923, by Lisa Pollard

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Nurturing the Nation: The Family Politics of Modernizing, Colonizing, and Liberating Egypt, 1805-1923, by Lisa Pollard

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Nurturing the Nation: The Family Politics of Modernizing, Colonizing, and Liberating Egypt, 1805-1923, by Lisa Pollard

Focusing on gender and the family, this erudite and innovative history reconsiders the origins of Egyptian nationalism and the revolution of 1919 by linking social changes in class and household structure to the politics of engagement with British colonial rule. Lisa Pollard deftly argues that the Egyptian state's modernizing projects in the nineteenth century reinforced ideals of monogamy and bourgeois domesticity among Egypt's elite classes and connected those ideals with political and economic success. At the same time, the British used domestic and personal practices such as polygamy, the harem, and the veiling of women to claim that the ruling classes had become corrupt and therefore to legitimize an open-ended tenure for themselves in Egypt. To rid themselves of British rule, bourgeois Egyptian nationalists constructed a familial-political culture that trained new generations of nationalists and used them to demonstrate to the British that it was time for the occupation to end. That culture was put to use in the 1919 Egyptian revolution, in which the reformed, bourgeois family was exhibited as the standard for "modern" Egypt.

  • Sales Rank: #2044111 in Books
  • Published on: 2005-01-31
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .75" w x 6.00" l, .95 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 302 pages

Review
"[An] ambitious and original work."--"Intl Jrnl of Middle East Stds (Ijmes)"

"[An] ambitious and original work."--"Intl Journal of Middle East Stds (Ijmes)"

About the Author
Lisa Pollard is Associate Professor of History at the University of North Carolina–Wilmington. She is the coeditor of Families of a New World: Gender, Politics and State-Building in Global Perspective (2003).

Most helpful customer reviews

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Unusual perspective of early modern Egyptian society
By David Wilmsen
This book examines the period in Egyptian history from the reign of Muhammad Ali to the period immediately following the revolution of 1919 from the perspective of Egyptian domestic life. This may seem an unusual approach for a history to take, but it is quickly revealed that much of the discourse about modernism in Egypt focussed on the Egyptian household and how it should be reformed. When the British occupied Egypt in 1882, one of the rationales they used for extending their occupation was that so long as Egyptians maintained such unenlightened domestic relations as they did, including polygyny, veiling, and secluding women, they were clearly not prepared for self-rule. For their part, Egyptian modernizers adopted the same discourse, partly as a means of demonstrating to their colonizers that they were indeed ready. As it happens, the structure of the Egyptian family had been undergoing a transformation since Muhammad Ali had overthrown the Mamluks. Fearing that family alliances could threaten his rule, Muhammad Ali had abolished the Mamluk style of architecture, wherein houses could accommodate 150 to 200 people, and encouraged single-family homes. The discourse about household reform was not, then, completely imposed from outside, but Egyptian nationalists cleverly subverted the colonizers' rhetoric to advance their own programme of modernization.

The author has undertaken a thoroughgoing examination of Arabic and English archival resources along with all of the important recent works in the western scholarship of national identity and community building (she acknowledges her great debt to Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities) in her research. As the title and the subject matter may suggest, hers is a piece of scholarship set in the post-modern turn. In a work of this type, it is unavoidable that the tropes of narrative constructs, feminist politics, cultural memory, and identity discourse be revived yet again. She has done a sterling job of it, producing a rigorously researched, vigorously argued analysis of the emergence of modern Egypt, and an altogether fine piece of writing into the bargain. Not all scholarship of that ilk can boast such an accomplishment. She has demonstrated that the analytical tools of the post-modernist or post-structuralist or whatever post-you-wish school in the hands of a skilful artisan can turn out a fine piece of craftsmanship.

The work should appeal to a wide range of scholars. But the writing is accessible to the general reader as well, and the book could find favour amongst those who are interested in modern Egypt, or the discourse surrounding the "place of women" in the Arab/Islamic world, which, alas, has not progressed much beyond the paternalistic rhetoric of the English colonialists.

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! Download Icons of Grief: Val Lewton's Home Front Pictures, by Alexander Nemerov

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Icons of Grief: Val Lewton's Home Front Pictures, by Alexander Nemerov

Icons of Grief: Val Lewton's Home Front Pictures, by Alexander Nemerov



Icons of Grief: Val Lewton's Home Front Pictures, by Alexander Nemerov

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Icons of Grief: Val Lewton's Home Front Pictures, by Alexander Nemerov

This beautifully written study looks at the haunting, melancholy horror films Val Lewton made between 1942 and 1946 and finds them to be powerful commentaries on the American home front during World War II. Alexander Nemerov focuses on the iconic, isolated figures who appear in four of Lewton's small-budget classics—The Curse of the Cat People, The Ghost Ship, I Walked with a Zombie, and Bedlam. These ghosts, outcasts, and other apparitions of sorrow crystallize the anxiety and grief experienced by Americans during the war, emotions decidedly at odds with the official insistence on courage, patriotism, and optimism. In an evocative meditation on Lewton's use of these "icons of grief," Nemerov demonstrates the film-maker's interest in those who found themselves alienated by wartime society and illuminates the dark side of the American psyche in the 1940s.

Nemerov's rich study draws from Lewton's letters, novels, and scripts and from a wealth of historical material to shed light on both the visual and literary aspects of the filmmaker's work. Lavishly illustrated with more than fifty photographs, including many rare film stills, Icons of Grief recasts Lewton's horror films as suggestive commentaries on a troubled and hidden side of America during World War II.

  • Sales Rank: #634885 in Books
  • Published on: 2005-07-18
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .60" w x 6.00" l, .67 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 226 pages

Review
"Icons of Grief is a brilliantly conceived and successfully executed filmmaker study. Nemerov's research is dazzling, as are his highly sophisticated analyses. At every turn, he reveals his deep understanding of cinema. This is an exquisitely crafted book."

From the Inside Flap
"This is cultural history at its best. The author's vivid engagement with his material reveals Val Lewton in a bracing new light. Nemerov teases out relationships between film and society with supple writing, imagination, and skill. A critical tour de force."—David M. Lubin, author of Shooting Kennedy

"Icons of Grief is a brilliantly conceived and successfully executed filmmaker study. Nemerov's research is dazzling, as are his highly sophisticated analyses. At every turn, he reveals his deep understanding of cinema. This is an exquisitely crafted book."—Scott Bukatman, author of Terminal Identity

From the Back Cover
"This is cultural history at its best. The author's vivid engagement with his material reveals Val Lewton in a bracing new light. Nemerov teases out relationships between film and society with supple writing, imagination, and skill. A critical tour de force."--David M. Lubin, author of "Shooting Kennedy""Icons of Grief is a brilliantly conceived and successfully executed filmmaker study. Nemerov's research is dazzling, as are his highly sophisticated analyses. At every turn, he reveals his deep understanding of cinema. This is an exquisitely crafted book."--Scott Bukatman, author of "Terminal Identity

Most helpful customer reviews

9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
A Different Approach
By Michael Samerdyke
This is perhaps the most original book written about Val Lewton's famous horror movies in decades. Nemerov looks at four images from Lewton's movies, images that center on little-known character actors Nemerov then shows how these tie into Lewton's Russian background, Lewton's career as a novelist, and American pop culture during World War II.

Rarely have I seen Lewton's films subjected to this kind of close analysis. While I might have wished that Nemerov focused on something from "The Seventh Victim" or "The Body Snatcher," I have to say that what he said made very good sense and placed Lewton in a broader context. (As opposed to the common idea that Lewton was such a genius that his films stand apart from everything else in the horror genre.) This is the rare book of which it can be said that I wish it were longer. Nemerov's enthusiasm for Lewton shines through, but he also has balanced judgment on Lewton's limitations as well. Strongly recommended for anyone interested in horror films or films of the Forties.

5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Wartime Horrors
By Scott T. Rivers
"Icons of Grief" is a fascinating critical study of producer Val Lewton's RKO horror films within a World War II context. Historian Alexander Nemerov examines the subtle power of Lewton's low-budget chillers (notably "Cat People," "I Walked With a Zombie" and "The Ghost Ship") and the cultural reflection upon wartime America. By providing new insights on Lewton and his work, Nemerov encourages the reader to seek out these remarkable films.

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Rabu, 10 September 2014

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From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society, by Xiaotong Fei



From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society, by Xiaotong Fei

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From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society, by Xiaotong Fei

This classic text by Fei Xiaotong, China's finest social scientist, was first published in 1947 and is Fei's chief theoretical statement about the distinctive characteristics of Chinese society. Written in Chinese from a Chinese point of view for a Chinese audience, From the Soil describes the contrasting organizational principles of Chinese and Western societies, thereby conveying the essential features of both. Fei shows how these unique features reflect and are reflected in the moral and ethical characters of people in these societies. This profound, challenging book is both succinct and accessible. In its first complete English-language edition, it is likely to have a wide impact on Western social theorists.

Gary G. Hamilton and Wang Zheng's translation captures Fei's jargonless, straightforward style of writing. Their introduction describes Fei's education and career as a sociologist, the fate of his writings on and off the Mainland, and the sociological significance of his analysis. The translators' epilogue highlights the social reforms for China that Fei drew from his analysis and advocated in a companion text written in the same period.

  • Sales Rank: #673128 in Books
  • Published on: 1992-08-28
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .50" w x 6.00" l, .55 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 176 pages

Language Notes
Text: English (translation)
Original Language: Chinese

From the Inside Flap
"A lucid and fascinating work about Chinese society and values. Fei's account of how China differs from the West is every bit as telling now as it was when this book was first published almost half a century ago."—Orville Schell

"What are the fundamental characteristics of Chinese society and how does it differ from the West? In From the Soil, China's foremost sociologist offered his insights, based on fieldwork in China and residence in the West, into this fascinating question. Vivid and clearly written, it has long been a classic of Chinese sociology, widely read by Chinese. It is wonderful finally to have it available in English."—David Arkush, University of Iowa

From the Back Cover
"A lucid and fascinating work about Chinese society and values. Fei's account of how China differs from the West is every bit as telling now as it was when this book was first published almost half a century ago."--Orville Schell

"What are the fundamental characteristics of Chinese society and how does it differ from the West? In "From the Soil, China's foremost sociologist offered his insights, based on fieldwork in China and residence in the West, into this fascinating question. Vivid and clearly written, it has long been a classic of Chinese sociology, widely read by Chinese. It is wonderful finally to have it available in English."--David Arkush, University of Iowa

Most helpful customer reviews

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Essential for understanding china
By Danino Pini
For a westerner understanding the Chinese culture is quite a harsh. The book takes you into a journey which is pictured and illustrated through life in the village and through Confucianism

5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
A Sociology of Rural China
By John Richard Schrock
"From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society" by Fei Xiaotong; translated by Gary G. Hamilton and Wang Zheng; UC Press, 1992.

In Kansas there are roadside signs bragging that "One Kansas farmer feeds 128 people and you." The efficiency of the American farmer allows over 99 percent of us to pursue other occupations. In China, this sign would read "One Chinese peasant feeds you." About one-half of the Chinese population are rural farmers. More were when this initial sociology was written, originally in essays. Fewer will be farmers over the next decades. But to understand rural China, these essays by China's first sociologist go a long way toward describing the rural roots of over a billion people.

Americans tend to generalize about China with observations that the Chinese believe in responsibility rather than rights, of shame instead of guilt, the long haul rather than short term, or work for the common good rather than for individualistic gain. Yet anyone who has watched B-grade kung fu movies will notice that the allegiance is to a father or grandfather and not to the city or province or state. Western generalizations of Chinese attitudes and beliefs are generally wrong. Fei does a solid job of describing the "differential mode of association" in China, the lack of need for any government at the local rural level, the role of rituals and relationships, and the slow pace of change.

The essays are uneven, and the first two are laden with discussions of the limitations of semantics that make you question if this is a sociology book. Yet the translators stay true to the intent of the author and lay out a sociology of China that is useful for the serious layperson seeking to understand the core of Chinese values that are rooted in rural society, or the junior scholar beginning serious in-depth study and who will hopefully work towards reading advanced material in Chinese.

There is a steady drumbeat of animosity in America toward China that is based on American ignorance towards the culture and language, as well as very poorly educated news reporters who neither speak the language nor understand the history and culture of China. Thus we have heard for the last two decades the imminent threat of the poor rural people rising up against the Party due to the growing income gap between the developed and undeveloped zones. This nonsense is due to a total lack of understanding of the Chinese respect for education; the poor understand they are poor because they lack an education. Local cases of civil unrest today stem from corrupt local officials and local business persons committing local acts of dishonesty. Reading this sociology will go far to help Western reporters and others understand the rural mindset and how local disorder---due to local mismanagement---does not become a threat to the national political structure.

John Richard Schrock

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
chinese culture
By hwang
the story or stories in this book were quite interesting. this was for an anthropology class so it was not boring especially when the author talks about different aspects of chinese society

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